ВЕPOНИКА●YOYO●大隻小資優尼斯

必須事先聲明，我英語也沒有多強，這裡的筆記整理是我參考各網站的資料來的。

有些資料如人口族群等可能會有時間差，如果文字或是數據部分有錯誤歡迎留隨時言告訴我指正，

但仍建議各位考生還是自行吸收做修改，全盤照抄的話有錯誤我是不會負責的。

如果覺得有用、有幫助到您準備口試的話請幫我按讚!  畢竟這些資料也花我很多時間準備，很需要鼓勵的///// 感謝囉~~

台灣辦桌文化  

辦桌是一種台灣民俗筵席活動，是外燴的一種。現代辦桌活動，約在1970年代興起，至1980年代最盛。

因為場地費支出不多，所以主要的花費都在食材之上，主辦者會盡力以平價又道地的食材來滿足賓客。而著名的台菜料理，許多都源自於辦桌文化。

台灣辦桌活動的歷史，可以追溯到清治時期。漢人宴客時，除了自家人張羅酒菜外，還邀請廚師到家中烹飪筵席菜餚，早期只有富有人家，有資本可以置辦酒席宴請客人。

辦桌，即由廚師到客戶所指定的地點備餐，並安排完整宴席服務的一項活動是臺灣漢人宴請客人的主要方式之一。

台灣各種喜慶，如婚喪喜慶、新居入厝、彌月慶生、謝師餞行、尾牙春酒、廟會慶典、地方選舉等，都會舉行辦桌，邀請親朋好友及鄰里，一同前來共餐慶祝。

辦桌通常是以在馬路邊搭棚架、寺廟廣場、學校操場或地方民眾活動中心作為場地，現場搭起爐灶與備菜的桌檯，現場烹煮食物，之後上桌，由參與者共同享用。
在辦桌活動中，由總舖師負責決定與主導整個宴會的菜色與流程。

在總舖師之下，是一般的廚師，通常是跟在總舖師身邊的學徒。在專業的廚師之外，還有一些來幫忙切菜、洗碗、上菜、打掃的臨時幫傭，台灣南部稱水腳，北部則稱小工，或女工。

辦桌中，包括菜色選擇，上菜順序，以及座位安排等，都有許多古老禮俗的禁忌與規定需要遵循。

Food always comes frist for Taiwanese People and there are so many ways to enjoy delicious dishes.
Outdoor Catering is one way that people can enjoy delicate food in affordable budget. This kind of banquet is not held in a splandid restaurant, but held under a tent on the roadside, school gym or a plaza in front of a temple.  Because there is no airconditions, and hign rental for the places, most of the budget is spent on food and the chief team. Many well-known Taiwanese dishes originated in this kind of outdoor catering culture.

The place and the budget will be decided by the host. The cheif will prepare for the food ingredients and any kitchenwares he/she needs for the dishes. And all the dishes will be cooked on the spot, generally speaking directly nearby the tent. His or Her assistants will place the round tables on the designated place. Friends and relatives of the host will be invited to the party. In some occassions such as the religious celebrations or political campaign, the gusts are not fixed, in other words, anyone who interested in joining the dinning part can come to eat together.
 

No matter if it is a wedding, funeral, someone’s retirement or your neighbor finishing his military service, people always celebrate different occasions by holding an outdoor party. Because the food is served one course after another like water flowing, we also call it a“flowing water feast” in Taiwanese.

While sitting on the place, you can hear those helps holding dishes of delicious cuisines and yelling at an outdoor party held in a tent, “Hot! Excuse me.”

Many people enjoy having Taiwanese food in a tent set up on the street where the traffic is busy. This is Taiwan’s unique catering culture.

But it's a pity that this kind of culture is more rarely in the Northern Taiwan. Luckily people now try hard to persist the outdoor catering culture.

台灣檳榔文化   Betal nut

台灣亦早在數千年前，原住民即有嚼食檳榔的習慣，像是排灣族、阿美族、魯凱族、雅美族及平埔族的文化傳統中，都有嚼食檳榔塊的例子。

從正面來看，檳榔可提神、禦寒  排灣族以檳榔作為占卜的工具、阿美族人以檳榔治病驅邪  

而明朝時漢人移民台灣，發現原住民嚼食檳榔塊，入境隨俗，因此檳榔塊也成為當時入藥、社交、送禮的重要物品。

直到日據時代，日本人禁止種植及嚼食檳榔塊才停止，但到國民黨遷台後，檳榔便又開始恢復種植。

而一般平地人吃檳啷多是為了提神，因為檳榔吃起來苦苦辣的，通常第一口不會吃會吐掉。而滿口鮮紅的樣子跟嚼檳榔帶來的後遺症也讓吃檳榔的人口在近年日漸減少。

種植檳榔會造成土地風化，使水土保持困難

經濟價值: 1997年，台灣地區的檳榔栽培面積以達達56,542公頃，生產量達156,207公噸，生產值超過新台幣一百三十億元。

口腔癌

檳榔子及荖藤(或荖花)具有基因毒性、致突變力、細胞毒性等，其中包括檳榔素、檳榔次鹼，都會造成細胞DNA的斷裂導致細胞突變，荖花中所含大量的黃樟素，更是眾所皆知的強烈致癌物質。

在物理性致癌部分，由於石灰顆粒與檳榔粗纖維經年累月地摩擦細嫩的口腔黏膜，造成無數肉眼看不到的表皮傷害，進而改變局部黏膜組織構造，使上皮萎縮患者局部組織的抵抗力及免疫力大大降低，有利於其它致癌物質發揮作用，因而逐漸轉化成口腔癌。

Betal nust culturee in Taiwan can be traced back to as early as thousands of years ago. The indigenous people had the habit of chewing betel nuts for ling time. 

For example, Paiwan people use the betal nuts as a tool for divination, and Ami tribes use betal nuts to cure diseases.

From a positive point of view, betel nuts help people to refresh themselves, and can warm up body in the cold weather.

In the Ming Dynasty, Chinese peope emigrated to Taiwan and followed the indigenous people to chew betel nuts.

As time goes by, betel nut became an important item for medicine, social networking, and even gifts in this island.

It was not until the Japanese occupation that the Japanese banned the cultivation and chewing of betel nuts, but after the KMT moved to Taiwan, the betel nuts began to resume cultivation. In 1990s, the economic value of betal nuts is up to 13 billion NTD.

However, it is poved that ingredients in the betal nuts will cause oral cancer, and cultivation of betal nuts trees is harmful to the conservation of soil and water. 

Therefore, the population of chewing betal nuts and the cultivation acrage are all decreasing in recent years.

 資料來源:

文化部: http://nrch.culture.tw/twpedia.aspx?id=11090

https://kipppan.pixnet.net/blog/post/52283574-%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%AA%B3%E6%A6%94%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96

英語導遊口試題目筆記目錄傳送門: 【英語導遊口試】口說筆記目錄篇